詳解GMAT語(yǔ)法中的平行結(jié)構(gòu)。平行結(jié)構(gòu)是GMAT語(yǔ)法考試中的一個(gè)重要知識(shí)點(diǎn)。熟練掌握這個(gè)知識(shí)點(diǎn)有助于考生在GMAT語(yǔ)法考試中更好的發(fā)揮應(yīng)有的水平。

    　1，對(duì)平行標(biāo)志詞要敏感，注意未劃線部分的平行結(jié)構(gòu)

　　看到and, but, or, yet就要想到平行，根據(jù)語(yǔ)義判斷：1>items平行，以及結(jié)構(gòu)平行;2>兩個(gè)主句平行(完整的主謂結(jié)構(gòu))有的句子會(huì)出現(xiàn)大平行套小平行，要分清楚邏輯層次

　　2，and、or以及as well as的含義

　　(1)And連接的items地位平等，這幾個(gè)item之間并無(wú)關(guān)聯(lián)，沒(méi)有聯(lián)系。他們的發(fā)生或是先后發(fā)生，或是各自獨(dú)立發(fā)生。you have a SEQUENCE OF EVENTS, so they should be PARALLEL.

　　例：

　　I want to know whether you drink and study(這是我想知道的兩件事情)

　　The sloth hangs from the trees, sleeps 15 hours a day, and moves infrequently enough.(各自沒(méi)有關(guān)系，獨(dú)立發(fā)生)

　　而The sloth hangs from the trees, sleeping 15 hours a day and moving infrequently enough。就表示了這些動(dòng)作之間是有關(guān)系的!

　　(2)Or的含義：Stress, alcohol and rich foods identifies the combination of these three factors as a suggested cause of stomach ulcers, whereas stress, alcohol, or rich foods offers three individual possibilities.

　　(3)as well as的意義：this phrase explains that the essay served as both a critique of previous chemistry and a vision of a new kind of chemistry. (OG解釋)

　　PREP07,p2,90.本句使用了這樣一種基本句型：A did one thing, as well as doing another thing.這種句型屬于 as well as 的一種使用方法，朗文給出的例句為：The organization gives help and support to people in need,as well as raising money for local charities.

　　as well as doing something 位于逗號(hào)后，對(duì)主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作做出補(bǔ)充，為正確的習(xí)語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)

　　3，

　　not only....but also....、but/but also、not....but....的運(yùn)用

　　做題的時(shí)候要弄清楚句子的意思是遞進(jìn)還是轉(zhuǎn)折,如果是遞進(jìn)not only...but also 沒(méi)問(wèn)題,如果是轉(zhuǎn)折的話,就要考慮一下是否是GMAC的陷阱了, but/but also才是表示轉(zhuǎn)折的意思.

　　Not....but....結(jié)構(gòu)：The structure of this sentence expresses negation and affirmation: Many experts regarded X not as a sign that Y, but as a sign of Z.

　　(1).在正常語(yǔ)序中: not only … but also.... 應(yīng)連接兩個(gè)相對(duì)稱的并列成分。例如：

　　Not only Mr Lin but also his son joined the Party two years ago. (連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ))

　　I not only play tennis but also practise shooting. (連接兩個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞)

　　He plays not only the piano but also the violin. (連接兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ))

　　在正常語(yǔ)序中: 短語(yǔ)本身不可以加入其它成份，比如變成：not only...but it also...是錯(cuò)誤的(因?yàn)槠茐牧似胶?。

　　(2). not only … but also 連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要和與其最近的主語(yǔ)保持人稱和數(shù)的一致。例如：

　　Not only the students but also the teacher was against the plan. / Not only the teacher but also the students were against the plan.

　　(3). not only … but also 不能用在否定句中。例如：

　　誤： They don't fear not only hardship but also death.

　　正： They fear neither hardship nor death.

　　正： They don't fear either hardship or death.

　　(4). not only … but also 連接兩個(gè)分句，并且 not only 位于句首時(shí)，第一個(gè)分句中的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)要部分倒裝。例如：

　　Not only does the sun give us light, but also it gives us heat.

　　這里附上ring_cheng的觀點(diǎn):倒裝時(shí)可以在短語(yǔ)中插入某類成分，如：not only did sb do sth, but sb also did sth (之所以前后都加入主語(yǔ)，不是為了連接主語(yǔ)，而是為了句子的對(duì)仗工整而補(bǔ)足主語(yǔ)，連接的其實(shí)是主語(yǔ)的兩個(gè)不同的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作。又因?yàn)閚ot only在句首已經(jīng)倒裝過(guò)了，所以but also用正常語(yǔ)序即可。依然滿足句子平衡的要求).

　　not only…but also…的變體總結(jié) -- aeoluseros

　　1. not only … but also …并不總是這么對(duì)稱、完整地出現(xiàn)地，以下幾種變體也為GMAT所接受：

　　(1) not only … but …

　　(2) not only … also…

　　4，

　　While在表示轉(zhuǎn)折對(duì)比時(shí)，有兩件events同時(shí)發(fā)生的含義。While做時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)也是at the same time(當(dāng)……時(shí)候)修飾主句的動(dòng)作。

　　5，

　　(1) 另外單個(gè)neither的用法：

　　They were not in Shanghai at that time. Neither (nor) were we.

　　They are not from England. Neither (nor) is she.

　　(2) run-on sentence的重點(diǎn)在于其改正方法：

　　1>用一個(gè)逗號(hào)加上and, but, or或者其他并列連詞

　　2>兩個(gè)句子中間使用分號(hào)

　　句子完整結(jié)構(gòu) (結(jié)合前面提到的run-on)

　　1) S+V1+O1 and V2+O2.是很常見的結(jié)構(gòu). and之后的主語(yǔ)是S, 可是被省了.

　　2) S+V1+O1, and pronoun(指代S)+V2+O2. 也是很常見的結(jié)構(gòu).一般在and之后用pronoun指代S作主語(yǔ)是因?yàn)閍nd跟S的距離太遠(yuǎn).

　　3) 對(duì)于S+V1+O1, and V2+O2.結(jié)構(gòu)，and前并不經(jīng)常補(bǔ)出逗號(hào)，通常and前補(bǔ)出逗號(hào)是因?yàn)榍懊媸遣迦胝Z(yǔ)一定需要逗號(hào)，或者是為了讓句子結(jié)構(gòu)更為清晰，比如前面是定語(yǔ)從句，防止第二個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞V2與定語(yǔ)從句中的動(dòng)詞并列;又比如本題的C選項(xiàng)加了逗號(hào)，the yellow jacket’s stinger is comparatively smooth, and can therefore be pulled out and used：used和pulled自己獨(dú)自成為平行，兩者組成的小團(tuán)體又和前面的is平行，如果都連著寫，那么會(huì)給讀者一個(gè)is和used平行的印象(雖然我們并不一定會(huì)那么讀，但是加了逗號(hào)更為清晰了)。

　　6，also的問(wèn)題，注意的小點(diǎn)

　　(1)"X and Y" is normally used to indicate TWO DIFFERENT things. (if you said "the first woman and the first Swedish writer", without the "also", that would normally imply 2 different people)

　　(2)"X and also Y" is normally used to bestow two descriptions on the SAME person or thing (notice that both of these descriptions are meant to describe Selma Lagerlof).

　　(3)Also接在both....and....的句型中一定錯(cuò)

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